www.oxfordmusiconline.com (24 August 2012), and Adler, Shane, Seasons, in The Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art, ed. 44 Antonio Vivaldi and The Sublime Seasons: Sonority and Texture As La primavera, "Spring," the first of these, was the best known during his lifetime. The sonnet confirms that the shepherd's worst fears have come true, as nature unleashes its fury in a violent storm of thunder and turbulent skies. HARMONIC PROGRESSIONS AND MODULATIONS When preceded by the cadences page, the organization here is similar to that at the beginning of the harmonic dictation page. 8 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 1824 53 In earlier periods, however, such compositions were generally perceived as entertaining novelties, not the future of concert art. His best known work is a set of violin concertos entitled Le quattro stagioni, or The Four Seasons.. Let us begin with the intense concluding bars of the Summer concerto's first movement (Example 1). The breeze is briefly introduced as a tease (bar 71) in the midst of a solo episode (bars 5977), prompting the solo violin to change its discourse from calls of the turtledove to the song of the goldfinch. 11 The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The textural resemblances extend even further, as both passages are essentially built upon a two-line framework, with a harmonically enriched melody in the violins (travelling in parallel thirds) and a simpler bassetto line in the viola part an example of what I term a unison bassetto, where any number of instruments can be assigned to play a bassetto line in unison.Footnote For example, lines 18 of Spring (see Table 1) describe how the natural world forms a tranquil scene that is temporarily disrupted by a thunderstorm, while lines 914 detail various ways that people enjoy the pleasant aspects of spring. 1: The ritornello comprises two different cells, each orchestrated with a different texture. The dancers make their moves, with the . Tutti - instruments play all together. The poetry described the dramatic content of the music, and Vivaldi went to great trouble to indicate exactly how the music reflected the text. Winter, on the other hand, is a very difficult season for humanity. The reduced orchestra, without basso continuo, then presents a longer version of the breeze material before the full ensemble bursts in, forte, to signal the fierce arrival of the north wind (bar 90). 14 The arguments are outlined in I demonstrate how Vivaldi employs his sonic resources not only to evoke vivid aural imagery, but also to heighten the sense of physical intensity behind those images. The melody beginning in bar 101 of the Sirocco episode (Example 2) is related to the melody heard in bars 2529 of the same movement (where the image is a slow and timid walk on the ice), but the material that follows in bars 109119 is, as both Fertonani and Everett have noted, a transformation of motives from the main ritornello of the first movement of Summer (Example 3).Footnote At first, soloists were used primarily to add variation in volume to an orchestral performanceafter all, a few players make less noise than many, and individual string instruments of the time did not have a large dynamic range. Antonio Vivaldi, Gloria :: The Choral Singer's Companion 28 14 About half were for violin, including 37 for his most successful protege, a virtuoso known as Anna Maria dal Violin. The symphony consists of 12 movements, which are divided evenly into four seasons, the mood of which the author wanted to convey. While eight of the twelve concertos contained in the collection were adventurous in purely musical terms, the first four were unusual for programmatic reasons. As we shall see, there are three factors underlying Vivaldi's handling of texture in The Four Seasons: 1) emphasizing variety by maximizing contrast between adjacent textures, 2) coordinating syntax, texture and melodic-rhythmic gestures for expressive purposes and 3) using texture to strengthen cross-references. Vivaldi's aim in bars 90109 was to convey growing tension through more complex textures and busy rhythmic activity, then provide time for the shepherd to react with growing trepidation and tears (bars 116154). Levy, Janet M., Texture as a Sign in Classic and Early Romantic Music, Journal of the American Musicological Society Enjoy Antonio Vivaldi's Spring (La Primavera), 1st Movement Allegro from the four seasons. 4/1 (1973), 123 Rapid notes, sudden accents, and violent ascending scales in the orchestra are interrupted by energetic arpeggios in the solo violin, while shifts to the minor mode darken the mood of the passage. 17 The sonnet for spring, for example, is headed Sonetto dimostrativo sopra il concerto intitolato La primavera del Sig.re D. Antonio Vivaldi (illustrative sonnet on the concerto entitled Spring by Don Antonio Vivaldi). 10 It is also possible to see, in the emphasis on powerful winds in Winter, an indirect reference to Aeolus. What is special in The Four Seasons, then, is the savvy way Vivaldi seized upon orchestration as a resource to ensure that the concertos are more than a parade of simple tableaux. 44/4 (1992), 337360 Vivaldi further strengthens this recollection in bars 140141 and 148149 when he writes measured tremolos scored as FEPM starting on c1 and then stepping down to b, similar to the stepwise downward motion in the third movement of the Summer concerto.Footnote At the same time, he embraced several ideals of the Arcadian reforms that became widely influential in Italian culture during the early eighteenth century. 47, Spring and Autumn are given a much gentler treatment that is aided by a sparing use of the sharply focused textures found in the Summer and Winter concertos, and through frequent sonorities that balance richer harmonizations of individual lines with more relaxed levels of rhythmic activity. Indeed, they rank among the best known pieces of music from the European concert tradition. 26 20 As it turns out, the concerto proved to be a surprisingly malleable genre. The sound is meant to remind the listener of a bagpipes drone. In The Four Seasons, Vivaldi seizes the focused intensity afforded by FEPM to convey extreme physical energy and violence.Footnote
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